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Model act

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A model act, also called a model law or a piece of model legislation, is a suggested example for a law, drafted centrally to be disseminated and suggested for enactment in multiple independent <a href="Legislature" title="Legislature">legislatures</a>. The motivation classically has been the hope of fostering more legal uniformity among <a href="Jurisdiction" title="Jurisdiction">jurisdictions</a>, and <a href="Best_practice" title="Best practice">better practice</a> in legislative wording, than would otherwise occur; another motivation sometimes has been <a href="Lobbying" title="Lobbying">lobbying</a> disguised under such ideals. Model laws can be intended to be enacted <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/verbatim" class="extiw external" title="wikt:verbatim">verbatim</a>, to be enacted after minor modification, or to serve more as general guides for the legislatures.

Model laws are especially prevalent in <a href="Federation" title="Federation">federations</a> because the federal subjects (for example, states, provinces, or other subjects) are <a href="Autonomous_administrative_division" title="Autonomous administrative division">autonomous or semi-autonomous</a> but nonetheless can benefit from a substantial degree of uniformity of laws among jurisdictions. For example, in the <a href="United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, because the country consists of 50 semi-autonomous <a href="U.S._states" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. states">states</a>, each with its own legislature and <a href="State_law_(United_States)" title="State law (United States)">set of laws</a>, avoidance of needless variation is valuable, reserving variation only to essential autonomous differences. There, model laws are referred to as model acts or model bills. Many American special interest groups draft model acts which they <a href="Lobbying" title="Lobbying">lobby</a> lawmakers to pass. In particular, the conservative <a href="American_Legislative_Exchange_Council" title="American Legislative Exchange Council">American Legislative Exchange Council</a> (ALEC) has successfully gotten hundreds of model acts passed since 2010. Uniform acts are model acts intended to be enacted exactly as written. They are drafted by the <a href="Uniform_Law_Commission" title="Uniform Law Commission">Uniform Law Commission</a> (ULC), a state-run non-profit organization whose purpose is to draft laws in areas where uniformity is important (for example, to facilitate <a href="Commerce_Clause" title="Commerce Clause">interstate commerce</a>).

The concept is not specific to federations, and international organizations such as the <a href="United_Nations_Commission_on_International_Trade_Law" title="United Nations Commission on International Trade Law">United Nations Commission on International Trade Law</a>, the <a href="International_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Movement" title="International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement">International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement</a>, and the <a href="European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> have also written model laws to harmonize laws between different countries.

Although model acts inherently can serve valid purposes (such as for uniform <a href="Justice" title="Justice">justice</a>, with less capriciousness), their distortion into disguised lobbying has been criticized. American critics of such model laws have thus referred to them as "copycat laws", "fill-in-the-blanks laws", and "copy-paste laws". The concept caused some controversy in 2019 when a coalition of 30 investigative journalists published a series called "Copy, Paste, Legislate", investigating the corporate interests behind many model laws.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="American_drafters_of_model_law">American drafters of model law</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Harry_H._Laughlin's_Model_Eugenical_Sterilization_Law">Harry H. Laughlin's Model Eugenical Sterilization Law</h3></div>

One early example of a model law was eugenicist Harry H. Laughlin's Model Eugenical Sterilization Law. In 1922, he published the book Eugenical Sterilization in the United States whose purpose was to persuade state legislatures into passing sterilization laws, which it also did.<a href="#cite_note-embryo_Antonios_20110414-1">[1]</a> In chapter XV of the book he included the bill Model Eugenical Sterilization Law.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> Two years later, Laughlin's sterilization act was enacted almost unmodified by the <a href="Virginia_Sterilization_Act_of_1924" title="Virginia Sterilization Act of 1924">Virginia Sterilization Act of 1924</a>. The <a href="Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a> upheld the constitutionality of the law in <a href="Buck_v._Bell" title="Buck v. Bell">Buck v. Bell</a> in 1927,<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> paving the way for similar sterilization laws in other states.<a href="#cite_note-embryo_Antonios_20110414-1">[1]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uniform_Law_Commission">Uniform Law Commission</h3></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Uniform_Law_Commission" title="Uniform Law Commission">Uniform Law Commission</a></div>

The non-profit Uniform Law Commission (ULC), formerly known as the National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws, was founded in 1892 to provide American jurisdictions with robust legislation.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> ULC promotes enactment of <a href="Uniform_act" title="Uniform act">uniform acts</a> in areas of state law where uniformity is desirable and practical.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> ULC produces both model and uniform acts. Since its inception it has produced over 250 uniform acts.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a>

ULC drafted the Model Tribal Secured Transactions Act in 2005 which served as a template for tribal legal infrastructure on reservations to provide consistency and greater accessibility in lending and credit transactions.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_Bar_Association">American Bar Association</h3></div>

The <a href="American_Bar_Association" title="American Bar Association">American Bar Association</a> is an association of American lawyers and law students which has published a large number of model acts. Its most successful model law is probably the <a href="Model_Business_Corporation_Act" title="Model Business Corporation Act">Model Business Corporation Act</a> published in 1950. As of 2020, the act is followed by 24 states.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Another influential act ABA has drafted is the 1979 Model Procurement Code for State and Local Governments, which as of 2000 had been adopted in full by 16 states and in part by several more.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> The act went through a major update in 2000.

Other model acts drafted by ABA include the Model Airspace Act in 1973,<a href="#cite_note-aba-maa-10">[10]</a> and the Model Code for Public Infrastructure Procurement in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_Law_Institute">American Law Institute</h3></div>

The <a href="American_Law_Institute" title="American Law Institute">American Law Institute</a> (ALI) is most famous for its <a href="Restatements_of_the_Law" title="Restatements of the Law">Restatements of the Law</a> but has also produced model acts. A well-known example is the <a href="Model_Penal_Code" title="Model Penal Code">Model Penal Code</a> published in 1962 seeking to harmonize state <a href="Criminal_law" title="Criminal law">criminal law</a>.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_Legislative_Exchange_Council">American Legislative Exchange Council</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="American_Legislative_Exchange_Council" title="American Legislative Exchange Council">American Legislative Exchange Council</a></div>

The <a href="American_Legislative_Exchange_Council" title="American Legislative Exchange Council">American Legislative Exchange Council</a> (ALEC) an American <a href="Nonprofit_organization" title="Nonprofit organization">nonprofit organization</a>—whose members include <a href="Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">conservative</a> <a href="State_legislature_(United_States)" title="State legislature (United States)">state legislators</a> and <a href="Private_sector" title="Private sector">private sector</a> representatives—is a prolific producer of model state-level laws for conservative causes.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> ALEC has deep ties to the <a href="State_Policy_Network" title="State Policy Network">State Policy Network</a> (SPN), an <a href="Umbrella_organization" title="Umbrella organization">umbrella organization</a> for a <a href="Consortium" title="Consortium">consortium</a> of <a href="Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">conservative</a> and <a href="Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Libertarianism in the United States">libertarian</a> <a href="Think_tank" title="Think tank">think tanks</a> that focus on <a href="State_law_(United_States)" title="State law (United States)">state-level policy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> which is one of ALEC's sponsors.<a href="#cite_note-cpi-15">[15]</a>

One of ALEC's earliest model acts were the 1981 Animal and Ecological Terrorism Act to prohibit acts that would make agricultural business operations more difficult.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> The act sought to impose harsh penalties, including a terrorism registry, on instances of <a href="Direct_action" title="Direct action">direct action</a> performed by organizations such as the <a href="Animal_Liberation_Front" title="Animal Liberation Front">Animal Liberation Front</a>.<a href="#cite_note-al2005jan1-17">[17]</a>

ALEC's model acts concern many topics important to conservatives like <a href="Stand-your-ground_law" title="Stand-your-ground law">Stand Your Ground</a>, Voter ID, <a href="Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Illegal immigration to the United States">illegal immigration</a>,<a href="#cite_note-nyt-az-law-18">[18]</a> <a href="Truth_in_sentencing" title="Truth in sentencing">truth in sentencing</a>, <a href="Three-strikes_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Three-strikes laws">three strikes</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Pat_Beall-19">[19]</a> <a href="Right_to_know" title="Right to know">right to know</a>,<a href="#cite_note-stealth-20">[20]</a> and cutting taxes.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> ALEC has drafted and distributed state-level legislation to limit.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> It has also opposed the creation or expansion of <a href="Municipal_broadband" title="Municipal broadband">municipal broadband</a> networks.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a>

ALEC has been very successful in getting its laws passed; according to Brendan Greeley, lawmakers introduce bills based on the organization's model acts about 1,000 times per year in state legislatures and about 200 of them become law.<a href="#cite_note-Bloomberg-26">[26]</a> In 2015, ALEC model bills were reflected in about 172 measures introduced in 42 states, according to the <a href="Center_for_Media_and_Democracy" title="Center for Media and Democracy">Center for Media and Democracy</a>, publishers of the ALEC Exposed series.<a href="#cite_note-CMD_Fischer_20160308-27">[27]</a>

ALEC has also been criticized for being funded by big corporations and over alleged underhandedness. <a href="The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> has described it as a "dating agency for Republican state legislators and big corporations" to "frame rightwing legislative agendas".<a href="#cite_note-pilkington-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-governing2011-29">[29]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_model_acts">Notable model acts</h2></div>

Some notable model acts not drafted by the above-mentioned organizations:

<ul><li><a href="National_Notary_Association" title="National Notary Association">National Notary Association</a> provided the draft for the Uniform Notary Act in 1973. It was renamed to the Model Notary Act and expanded in 1984, 2002, and 2010. The act has been adopted in its entirety in several jurisdictions.<a href="#cite_note-nna-30">[30]</a></li>

<li>The <a href="United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">United States Department of Justice</a> issued the Revised Model Tribal Sex Offender Registry Code/Ordinance in 2017. It offered guidelines to American Indian tribes on how to implement the <a href="Adam_Walsh_Child_Protection_and_Safety_Act" title="Adam Walsh Child Protection and Safety Act">Adam Walsh Child Protection and Safety Act</a>.</li>

<li>The National Association of Civil-Law Notaries issued the Model Civil Law Notary Act to streamline law relating to <a href="Civil_law_notary" title="Civil law notary">civil law notary</a>. The act has been enacted in Alabama and Florida.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></li>

<li>The <a href="National_Association_of_Insurance_Commissioners" title="National Association of Insurance Commissioners">National Association of Insurance Commissioners</a>'s issued the Uniform Health Carrier External Review Model Act. The 2010 <a href="Patient_Protection_and_Affordable_Care_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act">Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act</a> requires states to enact laws based on the model act.<a href="#cite_note-:0-32">[32]</a></li>

<li>President <a href="Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> wrote the Standard State Soil Conservation Districts Law, a model act he submitted to the states.<a href="#cite_note-orientation-33">[33]</a> It led to the establishment of the <a href="New_York_State_Department_of_Agriculture_and_Markets" title="New York State Department of Agriculture and Markets">New York State Soil and Water Conservation Committee</a> on April 23, 1940, and the soil and water conservation districts were authorized with the enactment of the <a href="Consolidated_Laws_of_New_York" title="Consolidated Laws of New York">Soil Conservation District Law</a>, a law based on that model act.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></li>

<li>The <a href="Tenther_movement" title="Tenther movement">Tenther movement</a> in 2013 and 2014, introduced bills based on their model act the <a href="Fourth_Amendment_Protection_Act" title="Fourth Amendment Protection Act">Fourth Amendment Protection Act</a> in several state legislatures via Republican and Democratic lawmakers. The intent of the bills was to prevent state governments from co-operating with the <a href="National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">National Security Agency</a>'s <a href="Mass_surveillance" title="Mass surveillance">mass surveillance</a> program.<a href="#cite_note-theguardian_Ackerman_20140212-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></li>

<li>In 2006, the <a href="National_Auctioneers_Association" title="National Auctioneers Association">National Auctioneers Association</a> proposed the Uniform Auction and Auctioneer Licensing Act, model legislation governing auctions and auctioneers.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></li>

<li>The National Committee on Uniform Traffic Laws and Ordinances introduced and periodically updates <a href="Uniform_Vehicle_Code" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniform Vehicle Code">Uniform Vehicle Code</a>.</li>

<li><a href="Model_State_Emergency_Health_Powers_Act" title="Model State Emergency Health Powers Act">Model State Emergency Health Powers Act</a>, drafted by the <a href="Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a> in 1999.</li>

<li><a href="Federal_Rules_of_Civil_Procedure" title="Federal Rules of Civil Procedure">Federal Rules of Civil Procedure</a> (FRCP), published in 1938 to harmonize the rules governing <a href="Civil_procedure" title="Civil procedure">civil procedure</a>. 35 states have adopted rules based on FRCP.</li>

<li>Partisanship Out of Civics Act (POCA), published in February 2021 by the <a href="National_Association_of_Scholars" title="National Association of Scholars">National Association of Scholars</a> (NAS) by <a href="Stanley_Kurtz" title="Stanley Kurtz">Stanley Kurtz</a>—<a href="National_Review" title="National Review">National Review</a> education writer and Senior Fellow at the <a href="Ethics_and_Public_Policy_Center" title="Ethics and Public Policy Center">Ethics and Public Policy Center</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a>—to limit the teaching of <a href="Critical_race_theory" title="Critical race theory">critical race theory</a> in schools. This model bill, particularly Section 7—which specifically bans certain concepts—has been incorporated into state legislation in Idaho, Oklahoma, Iowa, Tennessee, Texas, Florida, Montana, Utah, Georgia, and South Carolina.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_model_laws">International model laws</h2></div>

An example of an international model law is the <a href="UNCITRAL_Model_Law_on_International_Commercial_Arbitration" title="UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration">UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration</a>. Model legislative provisions on privately financed infrastructure projects were drafted by UNCITRAL and recommended for states to use by the <a href="United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">United Nations General Assembly</a> in 2004.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Other UNCITRAL Legislative Guides, which make recommendations for efficient approaches to addressing an area of law within a national or local context, are listed at <a href="United_Nations_Commission_on_International_Trade_Law#Legislative_Guides" title="United Nations Commission on International Trade Law">United Nations Commission on International Trade Law#Legislative Guides</a>.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id=""Copy,_Paste,_Legislate"">"Copy, Paste, Legislate"</h2></div>

In 2019, a team of 30 reporters from the <a href="Center_for_Public_Integrity" title="Center for Public Integrity">Center for Public Integrity</a> (CPI), <a href="USA_TODAY" class="mw-redirect" title="USA TODAY">USA TODAY</a>, and <a href="The_Arizona_Republic" title="The Arizona Republic">The Arizona Republic</a> published the result of a two-year-long investigation into model acts entitled "Copy, Paste, Legislate".<a href="#cite_note-CPI_ODell_20190404-43">[43]</a> The investigation raised concerns over the role of ALEC and other corporate-sponsored organizations on the American legislative process.

The investigation used text analysis software called Legislative Influence Detector created by Joe Walsh, a former data scientist at the University of Chicago to spot similarities between model acts and enacted legislation. Its main finding was that during the period 2010 to 2018 lawmakers had introduced bills based on model acts at least 10,000 times. Another 10,000 bills were likely copied but were more dissimilar. The investigation identified over 2,100 model acts but speculated that the real number is far higher since many organizations keep their model acts secret. In many states, the use of model bills was found to have supplanted the traditional way of writing legislation "from scratch".<a href="#cite_note-CPI_ODell_20190404-43">[43]</a>

Mississippi was found to be the state with the highest number of bills introduced based on model acts, 744 - 200 more than the next highest state. 288 came from the non-partisan <a href="Council_of_State_Governments" title="Council of State Governments">Council of State Governments</a> and 255 from ALEC. But only 57 of them became law, according to the investigation.<a href="#cite_note-clarionledger_Bologna_20190404-44">[44]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Open_recall_disclosure">Open recall disclosure</h3></div>

The "Copy, Paste, Legislate" investigation uncovered a legal initiative by the car industry to enact laws that would require dealers to disclose if a bought used car were under open recall, something most states do not require. The car industry's initiative was in response to other legal initiatives that called for banning the sales of used cars under open recall entirely.<a href="#cite_note-CPI_Kaneya_20190404-45">[45]</a>

The first bill produced by the initiative was introduced in 2014 by New Jersey Speaker, <a href="Paul_D._Moriarty" title="Paul D. Moriarty">Paul D. Moriarty</a> and called for "a fine for failing to disclose open recalls to customers."<a href="#cite_note-CPI_Kaneya_20190404-45">[45]</a> It was based on model law that had been crafted by a lobbyist who headed the New Jersey Coalition of Automotive Retailers. The lobbyist said that their "model legislation" provided "suggested language" and was never intended to be a copy-and-paste exercise."<a href="#cite_note-CPI_Kaneya_20190404-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Similar model legislation was drafted by the Washington, D.C.–based Automotive Trade Association Executives (ATAE), representing over 100 "executives from regional auto dealer associations".<a href="#cite_note-CPI_Kaneya_20190404-45">[45]</a> The bill allowed dealers to continue selling recalled cars as long as they disclosed open recalls.<a href="#cite_note-CPI_Kaneya_20190404-45">[45]</a> The dealers worked with over 600 lobbyists in 43 states to assist in getting the legislation passed.<a href="#cite_note-CPI_Kaneya_20190404-45">[45]</a> From 2014 through 2019, lawmakers in eleven states introduced similar bills into their state legislatures.<a href="#cite_note-CPI_Kaneya_20190404-45">[45]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Right-to-try"">"Right-to-try"</h3></div>

The libertarian Arizona-based <a href="Goldwater_Institute" title="Goldwater Institute">Goldwater Institute</a>, drafted the "<a href="Right-to-try_law" title="Right-to-try law">right-to-try</a>" law that was signed into law in Ohio in 2016 by then-Governor <a href="John_Kasich" title="John Kasich">John Kasich</a>. It allows patients with terminal illnesses to try drugs that the federal <a href="Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> has not approved. The law was passed on the federal level in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-cincinnati_Borchardt_20190404-47">[47]</a>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Anti-BDS_laws" title="Anti-BDS laws">Anti-BDS laws</a></div>

The "Copy, Paste, Legislate" investigation also documented the <a href="Israel_lobby_in_the_United_States" title="Israel lobby in the United States">Israel lobby</a>'s largely successful attempts to get statehouses to pass legislation to curb the Palestinian-led <a href="BDS_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="BDS movement">BDS movement</a>. BDS calls for comprehensive boycotts of Israel until it stops its human rights violations against Palestinians. The legislation that the Israel lobby promotes requires state contractors to pledge not to boycott Israel and state pension funds to divest from entities that do.<a href="#cite_note-CPL_USAToday_EssleyWhyte_20190501-48">[48]</a>

One of the first anti-BDS law was sponsored by Republican lawmaker <a href="Alan_Clemmons" class="mw-redirect" title="Alan Clemmons">Alan Clemmons</a> who introduced it in 2015. He worked with the <a href="Israeli-American_Council" title="Israeli-American Council">Israeli-American Coalition for Action</a>'s (AIC) Joe Sabag, his "buddy and wordsmith-in-chief", to prepare the bill.<a href="#cite_note-CPL_USAToday_EssleyWhyte_20190501-48">[48]</a> Eugene Kontorovich, a <a href="George_Mason_University" title="George Mason University">George Mason University</a> law professor, assisted in drafting the legislation. He also helped other states with their anti-BDS laws and frequently defends their constitutionality in the media.<a href="#cite_note-CPL_USAToday_EssleyWhyte_20190501-48">[48]</a> By May 2019, 25 other states had adopted similar measures. Many of the bills shared exact wording.<a href="#cite_note-CPL_USAToday_EssleyWhyte_20190501-48">[48]</a> The anti-BDS initiatives, undertaken by activist groups concerned about the rise of <a href="Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitism</a>, such as the <a href="Jewish_Federations_of_North_America" title="Jewish Federations of North America">Jewish Federations of North America</a> (JFNA) and the Israeli-American Coalition for Action, have been largely successful in pushing the anti-boycott legislation through state legislatures, according to a two-year collaborative investigative journal report. A JFNA lobbyist wrote the "anti-boycott executive order and news release" for the governor of Louisiana.<a href="#cite_note-CPL_USAToday_EssleyWhyte_20190501-48">[48]</a> A pro-Israel lobbyist closely helped edit the bill and guided the lawmaker who introduced and supported the anti-boycott legislation in Nevada.<a href="#cite_note-CPL_USAToday_EssleyWhyte_20190501-48">[48]</a>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/model_act" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/model act">model act</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div>

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<ul><li><a href="Conflict_of_laws" title="Conflict of laws">Conflict of laws</a></li>

<li><a href="Acquis_communautaire" title="Acquis communautaire">EU Harmonization</a>, a somewhat similar concept in European Union law</li>

<li><a href="Model_State_Constitution" title="Model State Constitution">Model State Constitution</a></li>

<li><a href="Project_Blitz" title="Project Blitz">Project Blitz</a></li>

<li><a href="Uniform_act" title="Uniform act">Uniform act</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFLaForme2020" class="citation web cs1">LaForme, Ren (January 8, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.poynter.org/tech-tools/2020/this-tool-illuminates-the-hidden-hands-of-special-interest-groups-in-legislation-across-the-u-s/">"This tool illuminates the hidden hands of special interest groups in legislation across the U.S."</a> Poynter. Retrieved January 13, 2020.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-cincinnati_Borchardt_20190404-47"><a href="#cite_ref-cincinnati_Borchardt_20190404_47-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBorchardt2019" class="citation web cs1">Borchardt, Jackie (April 4, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cincinnati.com/story/news/politics/2019/04/04/copycat-bills-how-ohio-compares/3355957002/">"Copycat bills: How Ohio compares"</a>. Cincinnati Enquirer. Cincinnati. Retrieved January 13, 2020.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-CPL_USAToday_EssleyWhyte_20190501-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CPL_USAToday_EssleyWhyte_20190501_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CPL_USAToday_EssleyWhyte_20190501_48-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CPL_USAToday_EssleyWhyte_20190501_48-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CPL_USAToday_EssleyWhyte_20190501_48-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CPL_USAToday_EssleyWhyte_20190501_48-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CPL_USAToday_EssleyWhyte_20190501_48-5">f</a> <cite id="CITEREFEssley_Whyte2019" class="citation news cs1">Essley Whyte, Liz (1 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/investigations/2019/05/01/statehouse-model-bills-bds-protest-bans/3575083002/">"One way to silence Israel boycotts? Get lawmakers to pass anti-BDS bills"</a>. USA Today and <a href="Center_for_Public_Integrity" title="Center for Public Integrity">Center for Public Integrity</a>. Copy, Paste, Legislate. Retrieved 16 January 2020.</cite>

</li>

</ol></div>

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<li><a href="Evidence_(law)" title="Evidence (law)">Evidence</a></li>

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<li><a href="Punishment" title="Punishment">Punishment</a>

<ul><li><a href="Corporal_punishment" title="Corporal punishment">Corporal</a></li></ul></li>

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<ul><li><a href="Abortion_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Abortion law">Abortion law</a></li>

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<ul><li><a href="Estate_(law)" title="Estate (law)">Estate</a></li>

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<li><a href="International_law" title="International law">Public international law</a></li>

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<li><a href="Space_law" title="Space law">Space law</a></li>

<li><a href="Sports_law_in_the_United_States" title="Sports law in the United States">Sports law</a></li>

<li><a href="State_of_emergency" title="State of emergency">State of emergency</a></li>

<li><a href="Transport_law" title="Transport law">Transport law</a></li>

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<li><a href="Unenforced_law" title="Unenforced law">Unenforced law</a></li></ul>

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<ul><li><a href="Charter" title="Charter">Charter</a></li>

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<li><a href="Constitution" title="Constitution">Constitution</a></li>

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<li><a href="Divine_law" title="Divine law">Divine law</a>

<ul><li><a href="Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">Divine right</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></li>

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<li><a href="Letters_patent" title="Letters patent">Letters patent</a></li>

<li><a href="Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a>

<ul><li><a href="Natural_rights_and_legal_rights" title="Natural rights and legal rights">Natural and legal rights</a></li></ul></li>

<ul><li><a href="Precedent" title="Precedent">Precedent</a></li>

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<ul><li><a href="Referendum" title="Referendum">Ballot measure</a></li>

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<li><a href="Decree" title="Decree">Decree</a>

<ul><li><a href="Edict" title="Edict">Edict</a></li>

<li><a href="Executive_order_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Executive order (disambiguation)">Executive order</a></li>

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<li><a href="Legislation" title="Legislation">Legislation</a>

<ul><li><a href="Primary_and_secondary_legislation" title="Primary and secondary legislation">Delegated legislation</a></li>

<li><a href="Regulation" title="Regulation">Regulation</a></li>

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<li><a href="Promulgation" title="Promulgation">Promulgation</a></li>

<li><a href="Ratification" title="Ratification">Ratification</a></li>

<li><a href="Repeal" title="Repeal">Repeal</a></li>

<li><a href="Treaty" title="Treaty">Treaty</a>

<ul><li><a href="Concordat" title="Concordat">Concordat</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Statutory_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Statutory law">Statutory law</a>

<ul><li><a href="Statute" title="Statute">Statute</a></li>

<li><a href="Act_of_parliament" title="Act of parliament">Act of parliament</a></li>

<li><a href="Act_of_Congress" title="Act of Congress">Act of Congress</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Basic_structure_doctrine" title="Basic structure doctrine">Basic structure doctrine</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="List_of_national_legal_systems" title="List of national legal systems">Legal systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">Civil law</a></li>

<li><a href="Common_law" title="Common law">Common law</a></li>

<li><a href="Chinese_law" title="Chinese law">Chinese law</a></li>

<li><a href="Legal_pluralism" title="Legal pluralism">Legal pluralism</a></li>

<li><a href="Religious_law" title="Religious law">Religious law</a>

<ul><li><a href="Canon_law" title="Canon law">Canon law</a>

<ul><li><a href="Canon_law_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Canon law of the Catholic Church">Catholic canon law</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Hindu_law" title="Hindu law">Hindu law</a></li>

<li><a href="Halakha" title="Halakha">Jewish law</a></li>

<li><a href="Parsi_law" title="Parsi law">Parsi law</a></li>

<li><a href="Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Roman_law" title="Roman law">Roman law</a>

<ul><li><a href="Byzantine_law" title="Byzantine law">Byzantine law</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Socialist_law" title="Socialist law">Socialist law</a></li>

<li><a href="Statutory_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Statutory law">Statutory law</a></li>

<li><a href="Yassa" title="Yassa">Yassa</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Legal theory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Anarchist_law" title="Anarchist law">Anarchist</a></li>

<li><a href="Contract_theory" title="Contract theory">Contract theory</a></li>

<li><a href="Comparative_law" title="Comparative law">Comparative law</a></li>

<li><a href="Expressive_function_of_law" title="Expressive function of law">Expressive function</a></li>

<li><a href="Feminist_legal_theory" title="Feminist legal theory">Feminist</a></li>

<li><a href="Law_and_economics" title="Law and economics">Law and economics</a></li>

<li><a href="Legal_ethics" title="Legal ethics">Legal ethics</a></li>

<li><a href="Legal_formalism" title="Legal formalism">Legal formalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Legal_history" title="Legal history">History</a></li>

<li><a href="Libertarian_theories_of_law" title="Libertarian theories of law">Libertarian</a></li>

<li><a href="International_legal_theories" title="International legal theories">International legal theory</a></li>

<li><a href="Legality" title="Legality">Principle of legality</a></li>

<li><a href="Principle_of_typicality" title="Principle of typicality">Principle of typicality</a></li>

<li><a href="Pseudolaw" title="Pseudolaw">Pseudolaw</a></li>

<li><a href="Sociology_of_law" title="Sociology of law">Sociology</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">Jurisprudence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Adjudication" title="Adjudication">Adjudication</a></li>

<li><a href="Administration_of_justice" title="Administration of justice">Administration of justice</a></li>

<li><a href="Admission_to_practice_law" title="Admission to practice law">Admission to practice law</a></li>

<li><a href="Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">Constitutionalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Criminal_justice" title="Criminal justice">Criminal justice</a></li>

<li><a href="Court-martial" title="Court-martial">Court-martial</a></li>

<li><a href="Disbarment" title="Disbarment">Disbarment</a></li>

<li><a href="Dispute_resolution" title="Dispute resolution">Dispute resolution</a></li>

<li><a href="Lawsuit" title="Lawsuit">Lawsuit/Litigation</a></li>

<li><a href="Legal_opinion" title="Legal opinion">Legal opinion</a></li>

<li><a href="Legal_remedy" title="Legal remedy">Legal remedy</a>

<ul><li><a href="Damages" title="Damages">Damages</a></li>

<li><a href="Deterrence_(penology)" title="Deterrence (penology)">Deterrence (penology)</a></li>

<li><a href="Proportionality_(law)" title="Proportionality (law)">Proportionality</a></li>

<li><a href="Reparation_(legal)" title="Reparation (legal)">Reparations</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Legal_status" title="Legal status">Legal status</a></li>

<li><a href="Judge" title="Judge">Judge</a>

<ul><li><a href="Justice_of_the_peace" title="Justice of the peace">Justice of the peace</a></li>

<li><a href="Magistrate" title="Magistrate">Magistrate</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Judgment_(law)" title="Judgment (law)">Judgment</a></li>

<li><a href="Judicial_activism" title="Judicial activism">Judicial activism</a></li>

<li><a href="Judicial_interpretation" title="Judicial interpretation">Judicial interpretation</a></li>

<li><a href="Judicial_misconduct" title="Judicial misconduct">Judicial misconduct</a>

<ul><li><a href="Kangaroo_court" title="Kangaroo court">Kangaroo court</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Judicial_review" title="Judicial review">Judicial review</a></li>

<li><a href="Jurisdiction" title="Jurisdiction">Jurisdiction</a></li>

<li><a href="Justice" title="Justice">Justice</a></li>

<li><a href="Practice_of_law" title="Practice of law">Practice of law</a>

<ul><li><a href="Attorney_at_law" title="Attorney at law">Attorney</a></li>

<li><a href="Barrister" title="Barrister">Barrister</a></li>

<li><a href="Counsel" title="Counsel">Counsel</a></li>

<li><a href="Lawyer" title="Lawyer">Lawyer</a></li>

<li><a href="Defense_(legal)" title="Defense (legal)">Legal representation</a></li>

<li><a href="Prosecutor" title="Prosecutor">Prosecutor</a></li>

<li><a href="Solicitor" title="Solicitor">Solicitor</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Question_of_law#Question_of_fact" title="Question of law">Question of fact</a></li>

<li><a href="Question_of_law" title="Question of law">Question of law</a></li>

<li><a href="Trial" title="Trial">Trial</a></li>

<li><a href="Trial_advocacy" title="Trial advocacy">Trial advocacy</a></li>

<li><a href="Trier_of_fact" title="Trier of fact">Trier of fact</a></li>

<li><a href="Ultra_vires" title="Ultra vires">Ultra vires</a></li>

<li><a href="Verdict" title="Verdict">Verdict</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Legal institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Barristers'_chambers" title="Barristers' chambers">Barristers' chambers</a></li>

<li><a href="Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">Bureaucracy</a></li>

<li><a href="Bench_(law)" title="Bench (law)">The bench</a></li>

<li><a href="Civil_society" title="Civil society">Civil society</a></li>

<li><a href="Court" title="Court">Court</a>

<ul><li><a href="Ecclesiastical_court" title="Ecclesiastical court">Ecclesiastical</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Court_of_equity" title="Court of equity">Court of equity</a></li>

<li><a href="Election_commission" title="Election commission">Election commission</a></li>

<li><a href="Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">Executive</a></li>

<li><a href="Judiciary" title="Judiciary">Judiciary</a></li>

<li><a href="Law_enforcement" title="Law enforcement">Law enforcement</a>

<ul><li><a href="Law_enforcement_agency" title="Law enforcement agency">Agency</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Legal_education" title="Legal education">Legal education</a>

<ul><li><a href="Law_school" title="Law school">Law school</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Legal_industry_by_country" title="Legal industry by country">Legal industry by country</a></li>

<li><a href="Legislature" title="Legislature">Legislature</a></li>

<li><a href="Military" title="Military">Military</a></li>

<li><a href="Police" title="Police">Police</a></li>

<li><a href="Political_party" title="Political party">Political party</a></li>

<li><a href="Tribunal" title="Tribunal">Tribunal</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="History_of_the_legal_profession" title="History of the legal profession">History of the legal profession</a>

<ul><li><a href="History_of_the_American_legal_profession" title="History of the American legal profession">History of the American legal profession</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Women_in_law" title="Women in law">Women in law</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div>

<ul><li> <a href="Portal%3ALaw" title="Portal:Law">Law portal</a></li>

<li> Category</li>

<li><a href="Index_of_law_articles" title="Index of law articles">Index</a></li>

<li><a href="Outline_of_law" title="Outline of law">Outline</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-05-04" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Model_act&oldid=1288769839">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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